Equal Rights Amendment Constitutional Justice

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would guarantee equality under the law for women. It was introduced in 1923. During the 1970s, the ERA was passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification, but ultimately fell three states short of becoming part of the Constitution. What the ERA Says The text of the Equal Rights Amendment is: Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification. History of the ERA: 19th Century In the wake of the Civil War, the 13th Amendment eliminated slavery, the 14th Amendment declared that no state could abridge the privileges and immunities of U.S citizens, and the 15th Amendment guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race. Feminists of the 1800s fought to have these amendments protect the rights of all citizens, but the 14th Amendment includes the word male and together they explicitly protect only mens rights. History of the ERA: 20th Century In 1919, Congress passed the 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, giving women the right to vote. Unlike the 14th Amendment, which says no privileges or immunities will be denied to male citizens regardless of race, the 19th Amendment protects only the voting privilege for women. In 1923, Alice Paul wrote the Lucretia Mott Amendment, which said, Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction. It was introduced annually in Congress for many years. In the 1940s, she rewrote the amendment. Now called the Alice Paul Amendment, it required equality of rights under the law regardless of sex. The 1970s Struggle to Pass the ERA The ERA finally passed the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives in 1972. Congress included a seven-year deadline for ratification by three-fourths of the states, meaning that 38 of the 50 states had to ratify by 1979. Twenty-two states ratified in the first year, but the pace slowed to either a few states per year or none. In 1977, Indiana became the 35th state to ratify the ERA. Amendment author Alice Paul died the same year. Congress extended the deadline to 1982, to no avail. In 1980, the Republican Party removed support for the ERA from its platform. Despite increased civil disobedience, including demonstrations, marches, and hunger strikes, advocates were unable to get an additional three states to ratify. Arguments and Opposition The National Organization for Women (NOW) led the struggle to pass the ERA. As the deadline neared, NOW encouraged an economic boycott of states that had not ratified. Dozens of organizations supported the ERA and the boycott, including the League of Women Voters, the YWCA of the U.S., the Unitarian Universalist Association, the United Auto Workers (UAW), the National Education Association (NEA), and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The opposition included states rights advocates, some religious groups, and business and insurance interests. Among the arguments against the ERA were that it would prevent husbands from supporting their wives, it would invade privacy, and it would lead to rampant abortion, homosexual marriage, women in combat, and unisex bathrooms. When U.S. courts determine whether a law is discriminatory, the law must pass a test of strict scrutiny if it affects a fundamental Constitutional right or a suspect classification of people. Courts apply a lower standard, intermediate scrutiny, to questions of sex discrimination, although strict scrutiny is applied to claims of racial discrimination. If the ERA becomes part of the Constitution, any law discriminating on the basis of sex will have to meet the strict scrutiny test. This would mean a law that distinguishes between men and women must be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest by the least restrictive means possible. The 1980s and Beyond After the deadlines passed, the ERA was reintroduced in 1982 and annually in subsequent legislative sessions, but it languished in committee, as it had for much of the time between 1923 and 1972. There is some question as to what will happen if Congress passes the ERA again. A new amendment would require the two-thirds vote of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures. However, there is a legal argument that the original thirty-five ratifications are still valid, which would mean only three more states are needed. This three-state strategy is based on the fact that the original deadline was not part of the amendments text, but only the Congressional instructions.

Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication at DMG Case Study

Essays on Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication at DMG Case Study The paper "Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication at DMG" is an excellent example of a case study on marketing. The management of DMG is concerned about the serious communication problems that are being experienced in the organization. Service delivery at DMG has gone down as a result of the poor communication between the managers and the staff. According to Tourish and Hargie (1998), good interpersonal communication is imperative for the success of an organization (53). The need for effective interpersonal communication is more profound with the amount and frequency of information on the business environment increasing greatly. For the largest part of organizational communication takes place through interpersonal communication. Keith and Newstrom (2007), defines interpersonal communication as the process of swapping information, feelings and imparting meaning, through both verbal and non-verbal communication (21). Therefore a message in interpersonal communication include s non-verbal cues such as tone and facial expressions. According to Keith and Newstrom (2007), interpersonal communication is characterized by face-to-face communication from person to person (167). They further state that a message in interpersonal communication is a reflection of the sender’s individual characteristics, their social roles and relationships.A number of barriers to effective interpersonal communication are found in most communication contexts. In this paper, the barriers preventing effective interpersonal communication at DMG are discussed. However, these barriers to effective communication can be overcome by practicing some of the recommendations discussed in this paper as solutions to the interpersonal communication problem at DMG.2.0 Barriers to effective interpersonal communication at DMGEisenberg, Goodall Jr, and Trethwey (2010) categorize communication barriers into three groups namely: process barriers, semantic barriers, physical barriers and psychoso cial barriers (125). Andreas (2005) further categorizes barriers to interpersonal communication found in some organizations as organizational communication barriers (56). Most of these barriers are present in the interpersonal communication processes of DMG.2.1 Process barriersA process barrier refers to a barrier that prevents the smooth flow of information at a particular stage of the communication process (Andreas, 2005, 60).2.1.1 Sender barrierThis refers to a situation where the sender fails to communicate a message due to fear of criticism or fear of not being right (Andreas, 2005, 62). Sender barrier is mostly present in organizations that do not allow their employee to freely voice out their opinion and may lead to dissatisfaction among employees.2.1.2 Encoding barrierThe organizational workforce is now diverse more than ever before (Feely and Harzing, 2003, 38). Australia is one of the places where employees from diverse cultural backgrounds are engaged in various workplace s.

Nymphs Reply free essay sample

In the two poems, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love and The Nymphs Reply, shows love in different ways. These differences are showed mostly through the tone and point of view. In The Passionate Shepherd to His Love the tone of the writer was shown as passionate, committed and happy. The shepherds swains shall dance and sing / For thy delight each May morning / If these delights thy mind may move, / Then live with me and be my love(Marlowe 21-24). In this poem, the tone of the Shepherd was filled with happy and positive emotions.The Shepherds tone was pappy because he was expressing his feelings of his love to the Nymph that he Just wanted to sing, dance, and enjoy the rest of his life with her. He also added that he was looking towards a brighter future with the Nymph by showing her all the ways why she should come live with him. We will write a custom essay sample on Nymphs Reply or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Nymph Reply to the Shepherd was very negative and for that the tone was shown as a realistic and gloomy. For instance she replied to the Shepherd by saying his offers will fade and not stay forever. The gowns, thy shoes, thy bed of roses J The cap, thy circle, and thy posies J Soon break, non wither, soon forgotten/ in folly ripe, in reason rotten (Raleigh 13-16). Reading both of the poems showed that this poem was more real and seemed to question would he actually do all those things for her? I think that the reason for that is that the Shepherd and the Nymph had different point of views which made the Shepherds tone more ideal and happy and the Nymphs tone was realistic and gloomy. In these two poems, each speaker wanted to convince you with his point of view.In The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, the Shepherd wanted to convince the Nymph to come and live with him in the country, in which he offered his love and the gifts nature would give her, Come live with me and be my lov e(Marlowe 1). The Nymph Reply to the Shepherd was that she doubted his offers and didnt think that they were completely true because most of them will fade with time. These pretty pleasures might me move(Raleigh 3). I support the Nymphs reason to doubt the Shepherd offers, because she was realistic and reasonable whereas the Shepherds poem seemed less reasonable and more of a dream.

Perry Benson Essays - Politics Of The United States,

Perry Benson 09/07/2017 Professor Brushaber Confirmation Bias/Selective Attention Regarding 2016 Presidential Election There is no denying that the year and a half long journey that the presidential front runners Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton went through was tumultuous. Both candidates attacked each other viciously, explicitly, indelicately, and both were also embroiled in countless scandals. However, no matter how much media attention was shined on them negatively they kept their most loyal supporter base intact, while remaining in the race competitively to the very end. My journal is geared towards defining the social phenomenon taking place and to provide examples for both candidates supporting my terminological psychological claims. Confirmation Bias/Selective Attention Confirmation bias is mostly and readily described as a persons disposition to notice or seek out specific information to mentally affirm themselves of something they believe, would like to believe, and omit information that is different to their beliefs. Selective Attention Republicans and liberals alike both suffered from this psychological phenomenon. https://youtu.be/Jaz1J0s-cL4?t=11 The following clip is speeches from Donald Trump early into his bid for presidency. The first sentence of his speech alone generated widespread criticism. Prominent but slightly left leaning media outlets published many articles claiming that he had already lost the presidency, alienated an entire voter base, and doomed his campaign. The examples below do an excellent job of highlighting confirmation bias and selective attention. The media was the guiltiest, they would practice selective attention while unilaterally narrowing in on one thing Trump would say in a speech close to 2 hours long, and the writers themselves would exercise their own confirmation bias with their beliefs regarding immigration. Right wing outlets such as Drudge and Breitbart News were equally as guilty in practicing these two phenomena, but in support of what he said. Republicans, especially white middle-class and lower class voters that grew up in prominent and traditional southern states, working blue collared jobs, reacted positively to the idea of reduced immigration, even though it was advertised indelicately. With a less competitive job market and higher wages, opportunity came to their minds and solidity towards their own innate beliefs, even if they are perceived as racist or bigoted. Liberal, left leaning, and even republican tied people reacted to the initial comment with disgust; because it was extremely aggressive and politically incorrect in every possible definition. These people see something entirely different. People trying to escape their poor living conditions in Mexico and attempting to build something in the land of opportunity. They perceived the comments as an attack on illegal and legal immigrants alike. They even most likely applied emotions about people they know personally who immigrated to the US legally. Articles Criticizing https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/08/donald-trump-latino-vote- mexico-immigration https://www.thenation.com/article/trump-cant-win http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/05/politics/gop-fears-donald-trump-judge- attack/index.html http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/trump-mexican-comments- 120480 http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/08/31/daca-dreamers-donald- trump-215564 Articles Supporting http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/10/22/20-reasons-donald-trump- 2016/ http://www.breitbart.com/live/vice-presidential-debate-fact-check- livewire/fact-check-donald-trump-not-call-mexicans-rapists-criminals/ http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/08/03/polls-show-huge-public- support-donald-trumps-immigration-reforms/ I've also included on article on his recent pullback of the DACA program. This program was initiated in 2012 under the Obama Administration which allows illegal immigrants who are minors to receive work permits and 2 year visas immune to deportation. The response to this action has created a partisan reaction mirroring many similarities from Trumps immigration speech.